diff --git a/Sources/Model/IManager.cs b/Sources/Model/IManager.cs
index ecc8ea9..2d7c13e 100644
--- a/Sources/Model/IManager.cs
+++ b/Sources/Model/IManager.cs
@@ -3,10 +3,10 @@ namespace Model
 {
     public interface IManager<T>
     {
-        public T Add(ref T toAdd);
+        public T Add(T toAdd);
         public T GetOneById(int id);
         public IEnumerable<T> GetAll();
-        public T Update(ref T before, ref T after);
-        public void Remove(ref T toRemove);
+        public T Update(T before, T after);
+        public void Remove(T toRemove);
     }
 }
diff --git a/Sources/Model/PlayerManager.cs b/Sources/Model/PlayerManager.cs
index 93ab043..b14c07f 100644
--- a/Sources/Model/PlayerManager.cs
+++ b/Sources/Model/PlayerManager.cs
@@ -26,7 +26,7 @@ namespace Model
         /// </summary>
         /// <param name="toAdd">player to be added</param>
         /// <returns>added player, or null if <paramref name="toAdd"/> was null</returns>
-        public Player Add(ref Player toAdd)
+        public Player Add(Player toAdd)
         {
             if (toAdd != null)
             {
@@ -76,19 +76,24 @@ namespace Model
         /// <param name="before">player to be updated</param>
         /// <param name="after">player in the state that it needs to be in after the update</param>
         /// <returns>updated player</returns>
-        public Player Update(ref Player before, ref Player after)
+        public Player Update(Player before, Player after)
         {
-            Remove(ref before);
-            return Add(ref after);
+            Remove(before);
+            return Add(after);
         }
 
         /// <summary>
         /// remove a player
         /// </summary>
         /// <param name="toRemove">player to be removed</param>
-        public void Remove(ref Player toRemove)
+        public void Remove(Player toRemove)
         {
-            players.Remove(toRemove);
+            // delegating, making sure we find it even if different case etc.
+            if (toRemove != null)
+            {
+                Player realToRemove = GetOneByName(toRemove.Name); 
+                players.Remove(realToRemove);
+            }
         }
     }
 }
diff --git a/Sources/Tests/Model_UTs/PlayerManagerTest.cs b/Sources/Tests/Model_UTs/PlayerManagerTest.cs
index b87d7d4..f3f87dc 100644
--- a/Sources/Tests/Model_UTs/PlayerManagerTest.cs
+++ b/Sources/Tests/Model_UTs/PlayerManagerTest.cs
@@ -1,29 +1,25 @@
 using Model;
 using System;
 using System.Collections.Generic;
+using System.Collections.ObjectModel;
 using System.Linq;
-using System.Text;
-using System.Threading.Tasks;
-using System.Xml.Linq;
 using Xunit;
-using Xunit.Sdk;
 
 namespace Tests.Model_UTs
 {
     public class PlayerManagerTest
     {
         [Fact]
-        public void TestConstructorReturnsEmptyHashSet()
+        public void TestConstructorReturnsEmptyEnumerable()
         {
             // Arrange
-            PlayerManager playerManager;
-            HashSet<Player> expected;
-            HashSet<Player> actual;
+            PlayerManager playerManager = new();
+            IEnumerable<Player> expected;
+            IEnumerable<Player> actual;
 
             // Act
-            playerManager = new();
-            expected = new();
-            actual = (HashSet<Player>)playerManager.GetAll();
+            expected = new Collection<Player>();
+            actual = playerManager.GetAll();
 
             // Assert
             Assert.Equal(expected, actual);
@@ -36,13 +32,13 @@ namespace Tests.Model_UTs
             PlayerManager playerManager = new();
             Player alice = new("Alice");
             Player bob = new("Bob");
-            HashSet<Player> expected = new() { alice, bob };
 
             // Act
-            HashSet<Player> actual = new()
+            Collection<Player> expected = new() { alice, bob };
+            Collection<Player> actual = new()
             {
-                playerManager.Add(ref alice),
-                playerManager.Add(ref bob)
+                playerManager.Add(alice),
+                playerManager.Add(bob)
             };
 
             // Assert
@@ -59,7 +55,7 @@ namespace Tests.Model_UTs
 
             // Act
             expected = null;
-            actual = playerManager.Add(ref expected);
+            actual = playerManager.Add(expected);// Add() returns the added element if succesful
 
             // Assert
             Assert.Equal(expected, actual);
@@ -89,7 +85,7 @@ namespace Tests.Model_UTs
             // Arrange
             PlayerManager playerManager = new();
             Player player = new("Bob");
-            playerManager.Add(ref player);
+            playerManager.Add(player);
 
             // Act
             Player result = playerManager.GetOneByName(name);
@@ -104,7 +100,7 @@ namespace Tests.Model_UTs
             // Arrange
             PlayerManager playerManager = new();
             Player player = new("Bob");
-            playerManager.Add(ref player);
+            playerManager.Add(player);
 
             // Act
             Player result = playerManager.GetOneByName("Clyde");
@@ -123,7 +119,7 @@ namespace Tests.Model_UTs
             // Arrange
             PlayerManager playerManager = new();
             Player expected = new("Bob");
-            playerManager.Add(ref expected);
+            playerManager.Add(expected);
 
             // Act
             Player actual = playerManager.GetOneByName(name);
@@ -138,10 +134,10 @@ namespace Tests.Model_UTs
             // Arrange
             PlayerManager playerManager = new();
             Player p1 = new("Dylan");
-            playerManager.Add(ref p1);
+            playerManager.Add(p1);
 
             // Act
-            playerManager.Remove(ref p1);
+            playerManager.Remove(p1);
 
             // Assert
             Assert.DoesNotContain(p1, playerManager.GetAll());
@@ -153,13 +149,13 @@ namespace Tests.Model_UTs
             // Arrange
             PlayerManager playerManager = new();
             Player player = new("Dylan");
-            playerManager.Add(ref player);
+            playerManager.Add(player);
             Player notPlayer = null;
-            HashSet<Player> expected = new() { player };
+            IEnumerable<Player> expected = new Collection<Player> { player };
 
             // Act
-            playerManager.Remove(ref notPlayer);
-            HashSet<Player> actual = (HashSet<Player>)playerManager.GetAll();
+            playerManager.Remove(notPlayer);
+            IEnumerable<Player> actual = playerManager.GetAll();
 
             // Assert
             Assert.Equal(actual, expected);
@@ -171,13 +167,13 @@ namespace Tests.Model_UTs
             // Arrange
             PlayerManager playerManager = new();
             Player player = new("Dylan");
-            playerManager.Add(ref player);
+            playerManager.Add(player);
             Player notPlayer = new("Eric");
-            HashSet<Player> expected = new() { player };
+            IEnumerable<Player> expected = new Collection<Player> { player };
 
             // Act
-            playerManager.Remove(ref notPlayer);
-            HashSet<Player> actual = (HashSet<Player>)playerManager.GetAll();
+            playerManager.Remove(notPlayer);
+            IEnumerable<Player> actual = playerManager.GetAll();
 
             // Assert
             Assert.Equal(actual, expected);
@@ -189,33 +185,39 @@ namespace Tests.Model_UTs
             // Arrange
             PlayerManager playerManager = new();
             Player oldPlayer = new("Dylan");
-            playerManager.Add(ref oldPlayer);
+            playerManager.Add(oldPlayer);
             Player newPlayer = new("Eric");
 
             // Act
-            playerManager.Update(ref oldPlayer, ref newPlayer);
+            playerManager.Update(oldPlayer, newPlayer);
 
             // Assert
             Assert.DoesNotContain(oldPlayer, playerManager.GetAll());
             Assert.Contains(newPlayer, playerManager.GetAll());
+            Assert.True(playerManager.GetAll().Count() == 1);
         }
 
-        [Fact]
-        public void TestUpdateDoesNothingIfSame()
+        [Theory]
+        [InlineData("Filibert", "filibert")]
+        [InlineData("Filibert", " fiLibert")]
+        [InlineData("Filibert", "FIlibert ")]
+        [InlineData(" Filibert", " filiBErt ")]
+        public void TestUpdateDiscreetlyUpdatesCaseAndIgnoresExtraSpaceIfOtherwiseSame(string n1, string n2)
         {
             // Arrange
-            string name = "Filibert";
             PlayerManager playerManager = new();
-            Player oldPlayer = new(name);
-            playerManager.Add(ref oldPlayer);
-            Player newPlayer = new(name);
+            Player oldPlayer = new(n1);
+            playerManager.Add(oldPlayer);
+            Player newPlayer = new(n2);
 
             // Act
-            playerManager.Update(ref oldPlayer, ref newPlayer);
+            playerManager.Update(oldPlayer, newPlayer);
 
             // Assert
             Assert.Contains(oldPlayer, playerManager.GetAll());
             Assert.Contains(newPlayer, playerManager.GetAll());
+            Assert.Equal(n2.Trim(), playerManager.GetAll().First().Name);
+            // uses Equals(), which is made to be case-insensitive
         }
     }
 }
diff --git a/Sources/Tests/Model_UTs/PlayerTest.cs b/Sources/Tests/Model_UTs/PlayerTest.cs
index efe8011..9ab7bb8 100644
--- a/Sources/Tests/Model_UTs/PlayerTest.cs
+++ b/Sources/Tests/Model_UTs/PlayerTest.cs
@@ -11,12 +11,14 @@ namespace Tests.Model_UTs
         {
             // Arrange
             Player player;
+            string expected = "Alice";
 
             // Act
-            player = new("Alice");
+            player = new(expected);
+            string actual = player.Name;
 
             // Assert
-            Assert.Equal("Alice", player.Name);
+            Assert.Equal(expected, actual);
         }
 
         [Fact]
@@ -24,12 +26,14 @@ namespace Tests.Model_UTs
         {
             // Arrange
             Player player;
+            string expected = "Alice";
 
             // Act
-            player = new("Alice ");
+            player = new(" Alice ");
+            string actual = player.Name;
 
             // Assert
-            Assert.Equal("Alice", player.Name);
+            Assert.Equal(expected, actual);
         }
 
         [Theory]
@@ -159,10 +163,11 @@ namespace Tests.Model_UTs
             // Arrange
             Player p1;
             Player p2;
+            string name = "Elyse";
 
             // Act
-            p1 = new("Elyse");
-            p2 = new("Elyse");
+            p1 = new(name);
+            p2 = new(name);
 
             // Assert
             Assert.True(p1.Equals(p2));
@@ -211,10 +216,11 @@ namespace Tests.Model_UTs
             // Arrange
             Player p1;
             Player p2;
+            string name = "Elyse";
 
             // Act
-            p1 = new("Elyse");
-            p2 = new("Elyse");
+            p1 = new(name);
+            p2 = new(name);
 
             // Assert
             Assert.True(p1.GetHashCode().Equals(p2.GetHashCode()));